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Basics of Library Reference: Primary Sources

Introduction

A primary source is the final and often most challenging step for students doing research.  Primary sources are documents or artifacts written or produced during the time period being researched (so, eyewitness accounts). Students will often ask for help finding primary sources, and the type of primary source they use may vary depending on their topic.  Some good places to look for sources include:

  • Newspaper and magazine databases
  • Digital collections and archives
  • the Presidential Papers (we have all of them)
  • Books of collected letters
  • Slave testimonies
  • Reference books with "Documentary History" in the title

Often primary sources come from newswpapers or magazines.  These may also be called "periodicals" (because they're published periodically) or "serials," usually by a librarian.  "Journals" are also periodicals, but more often will refer to secondary sources published in serial scholarly publications.

Types of Primary Sources

  • Autobiography
  • Diaries/Journals
  • Letters
  • Speeches
  • Government Documents
  • Magazines/Newspaper Articles
  • Manuscripts
  • Treaties

Search tips for newspaper databases

Limit by date range

Find the important dates of an event and limit to the days and weeks following in order to get contemporary news coverage

Limit by location

It's possible that for events pre-dating mass media, something that happened in Iowa was not immediately interesting to someone in Massachusetts.  See if you can find local news coverage, or search larger databases for major national newspapers like  The New York Times or The Wall Street Journal.

Use the right search terms

The term "Boston Tea Party" was not used until the early 19th century, so using it to search for news coverage in 1773 will not bring back any search results.  Pay attention to the terms being used in other news coverage, and search for people, places, and terms that would have been contemporary (like "Boston" AND "Tea" with location and date range limiters)

Consider the source

Newspapers write for their audiences.  Coverage of an event in an Italian immigrant newspaper might be different than it is in The Chicago Tribune.  Use newspaper databases like "Hispanic American Newspapers" or "Black Life in America" for a broader understanding of how different people groups perceived an event.

Use Boolean operators

Using terms like AND, OR, and NOT (capitalized) will change your search results by grouping or separating keywords.  See this guide for more information on how to use Boolean logic in searching. 

Newspaper and magazine databases

Finding a specific journal

If you are trying to find a specific article and you have the publication information including the periodical it was published in and the date or edition, you can use Journal Title Finder to see whether we have access to the article.  Use the search box below to look for the title of the magazine, newspaper, or journal, and you will be taken to a list of databases or print holdings for the journal in question.

Journal Title Finder

To see if the library has a specific magazine, journal, or newspaper, enter the title in the search box below: